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  作文機(jī)經(jīng)

  Issue

  "In any realm of life--whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superseded by simpler, more immediate options."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題干分析

  在任何生活領(lǐng)域中----無論是學(xué)術(shù)、社會(huì)、商業(yè)還是政治----獲得成功的唯一道路就是采取現(xiàn)實(shí)的而不是理想化的觀點(diǎn)。實(shí)用的行為確保了生存，反之理想化的觀點(diǎn)正在趨于被更簡化的和更直接的選擇所取代。

  Outline

  Idealism is just as crucial—if not more so—for long-term success in any endeavor,whether it be in academics,business,or political and social reform.

  1. When it comes to academics,although the idealist-student might sacrifice a high overall grade average,the depth of knowledge,academic discipline,and sense of purpose the students gains will serve that student well later in life.

  2. Considering the business world,without a dream or vision—that is,without strong idealist leadership—a firm can easily be cast about in the sea of commerce without clear direction,threatening not only the firm's bottom line but also its very survival.

  3. Finally,when it comes to the political arena,it is idealists—not pragmatists—who sway the masses,incite revolutions,and make political ideology reality.

  Argument

  The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian,a company that manufactures men's clothing.

  "Five years ago,at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high quality wool fabric,we discontinued production of our alpaca overcoat.Now that we have a new fabric supplier,we should resume production.This coat should sell very well:since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat,there will be pent-up customer demand.Also,since the price of most types of clothing has increased in each of the past five years,customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase."

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  翻譯

  以下文字出自 Sartorian 公司(生產(chǎn)男士服裝)新上任的副總裁的備忘錄：

  “五年前，當(dāng)我們?cè)讷@取可靠的高質(zhì)量羊毛毛料的供貨渠道方面存在困難的時(shí)候，我們停止了羊毛外衣的生產(chǎn)。現(xiàn)在，我們有了新的毛料供應(yīng)商，我們應(yīng)該重新開始生產(chǎn)。這種外衣應(yīng)該會(huì)賣得很好：因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)五年沒有供應(yīng)羊毛外衣了，而且由于我們的主要競(jìng)爭對(duì)手已不再生產(chǎn)羊毛外衣，消費(fèi)者將有很迫切的需求。而且，由于過去五年中多數(shù)種類的服裝價(jià)格每年都在上漲，消費(fèi)者應(yīng)該愿意花比五年前高的多的價(jià)格購買羊毛外衣，從而我們公司的利潤將會(huì)上升。”

  寫一篇文章，闡述需要哪些具體的證據(jù)來評(píng)價(jià)這個(gè)論證過程，并解釋這些證據(jù)如何削弱或強(qiáng)化這個(gè)論證過程。

  分析

  前提：our company profits will increase 我們公司的利潤將會(huì)上升

  結(jié)論：we should resume production 我們應(yīng)該重新開始生產(chǎn)

  論據(jù)：

  1. five years ago,at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric,we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats

  [譯]五年前，當(dāng)我們?cè)讷@取可靠的高質(zhì)量羊毛毛料的渠道方面存在困難的時(shí)候，我們停止了羊毛外衣的生產(chǎn)

  2. now that we have a new fabric supplier

  [譯]現(xiàn)在有了新的毛料供應(yīng)商

  3. we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand

  [譯]我們已經(jīng)五年沒有供應(yīng)羊毛外衣了，而且由于我們的主要競(jìng)爭對(duì)手已不再生產(chǎn)羊毛外衣，消費(fèi)者將有很迫切的需求

  4. this coat should sell very well

  [譯]這種外衣應(yīng)該賣得很好

  5. since the price of most types of clothing has increased in each of the past five years,customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago

  [譯]由于過去五年中多數(shù)種類的服裝價(jià)格每年都在上漲，消費(fèi)者應(yīng)該愿意花比五年前高的多的價(jià)格購買羊毛外衣

  提綱(可攻擊點(diǎn))

  1、除了毛料供應(yīng)問題，還有哪些其他因素(比如，市場(chǎng)需求、競(jìng)爭、客戶支付能力等)對(duì)生產(chǎn)銷售情況有影響?

  2、僅根據(jù) Sartorian 公司的主要競(jìng)爭對(duì)手不再生產(chǎn)能否判斷消費(fèi)者對(duì)羊毛外衣有很迫切的需求?都有哪些因素(比如：羊毛外衣的銷量不佳、羊毛外衣的利潤太少，等)會(huì)導(dǎo)致其競(jìng)爭對(duì)手停止生產(chǎn)?

  3、現(xiàn)在的服裝市場(chǎng)和五年前相比，變化是否明顯?顧客是否愿意付比五年前高的價(jià)格來購買羊毛外衣?

  4、即使消費(fèi)者對(duì)羊毛外衣有迫切需求，并且羊毛外衣的價(jià)格也很高，重新生產(chǎn)羊毛外衣公司的利潤就一定能提高嗎?公司的利潤與哪些因素(比如：成本、價(jià)格、銷售量，等)有關(guān)?

  填空等價(jià)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. Gladys took a ____approach to problem solving,so when the committee needed ideas on how to create more low-cost public transportation,she suggested they study what worked well in other cities with similar needs.

  A. Benign

  B. Pragmatic

  C. Compliant

  D. Rarefied

  E. Dogmatic

  答案：B

  解析：此題關(guān)鍵是她建議他們研究其他同類城市。說明她采取的方法是比較務(wù)實(shí)的。

  2. Researchers in University of Maryland discover that many people subconsciously think that in assessment of others competence and warmth are (i) ____: when they feel someone is highly capable, they will assert that he or she must have a tendency to be (ii) ____.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. clearly interconnected D. passive

  B. inversely related E. nonchalant

  C. physically paralyzed F. unfeeling

  答案：BE

  解析：

  題目是說研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)許多人潛意識(shí)認(rèn)為評(píng)估他人時(shí)，能力和熱心程度是(i)______，當(dāng)他們認(rèn)為一些人是很有能力的，他們斷言這些人可能會(huì)(ii)______。可以看出 i 為 B，ii 為 E，答案符合邏輯。

  A 顯然是相互聯(lián)系的 B.成反比 C.肢體癱瘓 D.消極的 E.漠不關(guān)心的 F.沒有同情心的

  3. His new role gives the normally clownish actor a chance to impress audiences with his (i) ___.He is among the most uninhibited comic performers around,but here he buttons his lip and stares straight ahead.Perhaps without quite knowing it,the audience waits for a wink, a hint that some of the (ii) ___ spirit that animated his previous movies might be lurking inside the (iii) ___ manner he presents in this film.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. Raillery D. Madcap G. Facetious

  B. Effusiveness E. Lugubrious H. Reserved

  C. Forbearance F. Edifying I. Beguiling

  答案：CDH

  解析：這個(gè)小丑演員的新角色給了他一次向觀眾展示他自制節(jié)制的一面。他的喜劇表演最為大膽豪放，而這次他緊閉雙唇，直視前方。不知情的觀眾也許還在等待一個(gè)眨眼，一點(diǎn)提示，以為類似他以前電影中的喜劇橋段可能潛伏在他現(xiàn)在這個(gè)節(jié)制緘默的角色之下.

  4. Although his original mission was a failure,Russian botanist Michael Friedrich Adams achieved an unexpected ____ when he found,by chance,the carcass of a woolly mammoth.

  A. conclusion

  B. upheaval

  C. triumph

  D. bombshell

  E. success

  F. venture

  答案：CE

  解析：此題關(guān)鍵在于前半句的 although…failure, 和 unexpected. 說明后面是成功。

  5. Although most land snails are ____, the giant African snail is a notable exception;it can be 15 inches long and weigh 2 pounds.

  A. gargantuan

  B. juvenile

  C. functional

  D. diminutive

  E. responsive

  F. minuscule

  答案：D F

  解析：從句型來看，空格處該填的詞是后半句意思的反義詞。即 giant 的反義詞。

  6. While it is always clear that the author's message is heartfelt,it is mostly buried by shortcomings of style,organization,and production, although the book does become more ____ toward the end.

  A. Sincere

  B. intelligible

  C. orthodox

  D. readable

  E. frank

  F. voluble

  答案：B D

  解析：

  雖然我們感受到了作者傳達(dá)的信息，但是大部分被類型，結(jié)構(gòu)和制作的缺陷掩蓋了，不過書的結(jié)尾的確變得更加易懂。

  數(shù)學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. If k is an integer and 121 < k^2 < 225,then k can have at most how many values?

  A. 3

  B. 4

  C. 5

  D. 6

  E. 7

  答案：D.

  解析：k 可以是12,13,14,-12,-13,-14.

  2. Runner A ran 4/5 kilometer and Runner B ran 800 meters.

  Quantity A: The distance that A ran

  Quantity B: The distance that B ran

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：C

  解析：Quantity A=(4/5)*1000=800=Quantity B。

  3. x < y < z,

  Quantity A: (x + y + z)/3

  Quantity B: y

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：D

  解析：已知條件太少，AB 大小都可以根據(jù)不同數(shù)據(jù)列出可能答案，因此無法判斷準(zhǔn)確唯一解，選 D。

  4. A reading list for a humanities course consists of 10 books,of which 4 are biographies and the rest are novels.Each student is required to read a selection of 4 books from the list,including 2 or more biographies.How many selections of 4 books satisfy the requirements?

  A. 90

  B. 115

  C. 130

  D. 144

  E. 195

  答案：D

  解析：10 本書中，4 本 biographies，6 本 novel。現(xiàn)在 biographies 要選 2 本以上。

  思路 1：正面解法

  所以可能情形有 bio選 2 本(配 nov 選 2)+bio 選 3 本(配nov 選1本)+bio 選 4 本(配nov選0本)。

  即(C4 取 2 乘 C6 取 2)+(C4 取 3 乘 C6 取 1)+(C4 取 4 乘 C6 取 0)=115

  思路 2：反向解法

  用全部扣除 bio選 0 本(配 nov 選 4)再扣 bio 選 1 本(配 nov 選 3)

  利用 C10 取 4-C4 取 0*C6 取 4-C4 取 1*C6 取 3 = 210 - 15 - 80 = 115

  5. In a graduating class of 236 students, 142 took algebra and 121 took chemistry.What is the greatest possible number of students that could have taken both algebra and chemistry?

  答案：121

  解析：可能不少人會(huì)用 142+121-236=27 的思路來解題，但問題是 least possible number，同時(shí)也沒有表明只能選兩門課，因此有可能還有其他課可選，因此正確答案是眼前兩個(gè)交集的最大數(shù)，也就是 142 和 121 取最小數(shù)，121 個(gè)學(xué) chemistry 的都選了 algebra。所以為121。

  閱讀邏輯機(jī)經(jīng)

  短篇閱讀

  Biologists have long debated about whether egg production in birds is biologically highly costly,some theorizing that egg production is energetically or nutritionally demanding.Lack,however,suggested that clutch size--the number of eggs a bird lays per breeding cycle--is far below the potential limit of egg production.He suggested that clutch size had instead evolved in relation to the number of young that the parents could successfully rear.Subsequently,most studies focused on limitations operating during chick rearing,particularly among altricial species(species in which the parents feed their young in the nest).Lack later recognized that in precocial species (species in which young feed themselves),clutch size might be explained by different factors--the availability of food for egg-laying females,for example.

  1. The passage suggests that biologists who say egg production in birds is biologically highly costly would agree that clutch size is determined primarily by

  A. The nutritional and energy demands of egg production.

  B. The number of young that the parents can rear successfully.

  C. Reproductive limitations operating during chick rearing.

  D. The availability of food for newly hatched chicks.

  E. The differences between altricial and precocial species.

  參考答案：A. 參考第一句話。

  2. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.The passage suggests that Lack would agree with which of the following statements about factors affecting clutch size in birds?

  A. In altricial species, clutch size is determined primarily by factors operating after eggs are laid.

  B. In precocial species, clutch size is determined primarily by factors operating after eggs are laid.

  C. In many bird species, clutch size generally remains well below the potential limit of egg production.

  參考答案： A C.

  參考第二句話，與選項(xiàng) C 對(duì)應(yīng)。第四句與 A 對(duì)應(yīng)。

  長篇閱讀

  In 1995 the Galileo spacecraft captured data about Jupiter's atmosphere--namely,the absence of most of the predicted atmospheric water--that challenged prevailing theories about Jupiter's structure.The unexpectedness of this finding fits a larger pattern in which theories about planetary composition and dynamics have failed to predict the realities discovered through space exploration.Instead of"normal planets" whose composition could be predicted by theory,the planets populating our solar system are unique individuals whose chemical and tectonic identities were created through numerous contingent events. One implication of this is that although the universe undoubtedly holds other planetary systems,the duplication of the sequence that produced our solar system and the development of life on Earth is highly unlikely.

  Recently planetary scientists have suggested that the external preconditions for the development of Earth's biosphere probably included four paramount contingencies.First,a climate conducive to life on Earth depends upon the extraordinarily narrow orbital parameters that define a continuously habitable zone where water can exist in a liquid state.If Earth's orbit were only 5 percent smaller than it is,temperatures during the early stages of Earth's history would have been high enough to vaporize the oceans.If the Earth-Sun distance were as little as 1 percent larger,run away glaciations on Earth about 2 billion years ago would have caused the oceans to freeze and remain frozen to this day.

  Second,Jupiter's enormous mass prevents most Sun-bound comets from penetrating the inner solar system.It has been estimated that without this shield,Earth would have experienced bombardment by comet-sized impactors a thousand times more frequently than has actually been recorded during geological time.Even if Earth's surface were not actually sterilized by this bombardment,it is unlikely that any but the most primitive life-forms could have survived.This suggests that only planetary systems containing both terrestrial planets like Earth and gas giants like Jupiter might be capable of sustaining complex life-forms.

  Third,the gravitational shield of the giant outer planets,while highly efficient,must occasionally fail to protect Earth. Paradoxically,while the temperatures required for liquid water exist only in the inner solar system,the key building blocks of life,including water itself, occur primarily beyond the asteroid belt.Thus the evolution of life has depended on a frequency of cometary impacts sufficient to convey water,as well as carbon and nitrogen,from these distant regions of the solar system to Earth while stopping short of an impact magnitude that would destroy the atmosphere and oceans.

  Finally,Earth's unique and massive satellite,the Moon,plays a crucial role in stabilizing the obliquity of Earth's rotational axis.This obliquity creates the terrestrial seasonality so important to the evolution and diversity of life.Mars,in contrast,has wildly oscillating tilt and chaotic seasonality,while Venus,rotating slowly backward,has virtually no seasonality at all.

  1. The passage is primarily concerned with

  A. Enumerating conditions that may have been necessary for a particular development

  B. Outlining the conditions under which scientists may be able to predict certain events

  C. Explaining how a particular finding affected scientists ' understanding of a phenomenon

  D. Suggesting reasons why a particular outcome was more likely to occur than other possible outcomes

  E. Assessing the relative significance of factors that contributed to a particular occurrence

  答案：C

  解析：

  根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容，可知推出了一個(gè) finding，后面都是具體介紹這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的，所以圍繞的中心是 C。

  2. It can be inferred from the passage that the"planetary scientists"would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements concerning the development of complex life forms on Earth?

  A. It might have occurred earlier in Earth's history if cometary impacts had been less frequent than they were.

  B. It could have occurred if Earth's orbit were 1 percent larger than it is but not if Earth's orbit were 5 percent smaller.

  C. It probably follows a pattern common on other terrestrial planets that occupy planetary systems containing gas giants.

  D. Its dependence on the effect that Jupiter's gravitational shield has on Earth was difficult to recognize prior to 1995.

  E. It has been contingent on conditions elsewhere in Earth's solar system as well as on conditions on Earth itself.

  答案：E

  解析：

  題干問 planetary scientists最有可能同意哪個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，而且是與the development of complex life forms on Earth有關(guān)，定位至第二段開頭處開始閱讀，運(yùn)用排除法得出答案。

  3. The author of the passage most likely mentions Mars' "oscillating tilt" primarily in order to

  A. Provide evidence for a proposition about the potential effects of cometary impacts

  B. Emphasize the absence from our solar system of "normal planets"

  C. Contrast the rotational axis of Mars with that of Venus

  D. Characterize the role of other planets in the solar system in earth's development

  E. Emphasize the importance of the Moon to the development of life on Earth

  答案：C

  解析：

  題干問為何提及 Mars 會(huì)震蕩傾斜，定位至最后一段會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)后文提及了 Venus 與 Mars 是相反的，因此答案選 C。

  邏輯閱讀

  Upon maturity,monarch butterflies travel hundreds of miles from their places of origin and lay their eggs on milkweed. The caterpillars that emerge feed on milkweed and absorb the glycosides in milkweed sap.The specific glycosides present in milkweed differ from region to region within the monarch butterfly's range.Mature butterflies retain the glycosides in a mature monarch butterfly could be used to determine its place of origin.

  Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

  A. Mature monarch butterflies do not feed on parts of milkweed that contain glycosides.

  B. The glycosides in milkweed sap are slightly toxic to caterpillars of other species.

  C. The vast majority of the monarch butterflies that are laying eggs in a given region will have traveled there from a single region.

  D. There are substances other than glycosides in milkweed sap that accumulate in a monarch caterpillar and are retained in the body of the mature butterfly.

  E. There are certain glycosides that are found in the sap of all milkweeds,no matter where they grow within the monarch butterfly's range.

  答案：C

  只有 C 選項(xiàng)是加強(qiáng)了上文的論點(diǎn)。A 削弱 B 無關(guān) D 削弱 E 削弱

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