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  作文機經

  Issue

  Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.

  Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based

  題目翻譯

  有時候想象力是比經驗更有價值的財富。缺少經驗的人得以自由的想象任何可能性，并且由此可以達成一個目標而不受既定習慣和態度的限制。

  Outline

  I fundamentally agree with the speaker's assertion;however,as the speaker implies,it is impossible not to overstate the comparative value of imagination.

  1. One need only observe young children as they go about their daily lives to appreciate the role that pure imagination can play as an aid to accomplishing tasks.

  2. The speaker's contention also finds ample empirical support in certain forms of artistic accomplishment and scientific invention.

  3. Of course, there are many notable exceptions to the rule that imagination unfettered by experience breeds remarkable insights and accomplishments.

  4. On the other hand, it is important not to take this assertion about artistic and scientific accomplishment too far.

  Argument

  The following appeared in a health magazine.

  "The citizens of Forsythe have adopted more healthful lifestyles.Their responses to a recent survey show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to government nutritional recommendations than they did ten years ago.Furthermore,there has been a fourfold increase in sales of food products containing kiran,a substance that a scientific study has shown reduces cholesterol.This trend is also evident in reduced sales of sulia, a food that few of the most healthy citizens regularly eat."

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  題目翻譯

  以下文字出自于一本健康雜志:“Forsythe 的居民采取了更健康的生活方式。他們對于最近一項調查的回答顯示，他們的飲食習慣比十年前更加貼近政府的營養建議。而且，含有kiran的食品銷量增長了四倍，在一次科學研究中發現kiran是一種能夠降低膽固醇水平的物質。這種趨勢同樣也被sulia的銷量下降所證實，sulia是那些最健康的居民極少食用的食品。”

  寫一篇文章，闡述需要哪些具體的證據來評價這個論證過程，并解釋這些證據如何削弱或強化這個論證過程。

  題目分析

  A. 前提[隱性]：Forsythe 的居民飲食習慣越來越健康

  B. 結論：the citizens of Forsythe have adopted more healthful lifestyles Forsythe的居民采取了更健康的生活方式

  C. 論據：

  1. Their responses to a recent survey show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to government nutritional recommendations than they did ten years ago

  他們對于最近一項調查的回答顯示，他們的飲食習慣比十年前更加貼近政府的營養建議

  2. There has been a fourfold increase in sales of food products containing kiran,a substance that a scientific study has shown reduces cholesterol

  含有 kiran的食品銷量增長了四倍，在一次科學研究中収現kiran是一種能夠降低膽固醇水平的物質

  3. This trend is also evident in reduced sales of sulia, a food that few of the most healthy citizens regularly eat

  這種趨勢同樣也被sulia的銷量下降所證實，sulia是那些最健康的居民極少食用的食品

  提綱(可攻擊點)

  1、KIRAN銷量增加是否是因為人們看中其降低膽固醇水平的功能?除了采取更健康的生活方式以外，哪些其他因素會不含有kiran的食品銷量增加有更直接的關系?請舉例并簡述。

  2、相對于十年前居民的飲食習慣(未知信息)，現在居民飲食習慣貼近政府的營養建議能否說明居民關注健康生活方式?除了關注健康，還有哪些其他可能會引起這樣的發化?

  3、除了采取更健康的生活方式，其他因素是否與sulia的銷量下降有更直接的關系?

  4、最健康的居民極少食用sulia能否有效說明sulia對健康生活有負作用?還有哪些其他解釋?

  5、“最健康”的居民是否是“采取健康生活方式”的那部分人?可能存在哪些不同的情況?

  6、除了采取更健康的生活方式以外，其他因素是否與飲食習慣比十年前更加貼近政府的營養建議有更直接的關系?

  填空等價機經

  1. The name of the Sloane Matthew Library has long been_____ ;even longtime city residents assume it is a run-of-the-mill library, never suspecting what art treasures it contains.

  A. revered

  B. proposed

  C. misleading

  D. elevated

  E. intriguing

  正確答案

  C

  題目解析

  分號前后語氣方向一致，其中never suspecting what art treasures it contains.說到大家認為博物館里面沒啥特別的。那么空就選負向詞misleading

  其它選項含義：A 尊敬 B 提議 D 提高，振奮 E 有趌的，令人著迷的

  2. At their best,(i) _____ book reviews are written in defense of value and in the tacit hope that the author,having had his or her(ii) _____ pointed out,might secretly agree that the book could be improved.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. abstruse D. strengths

  B. adverse E. transgressions

  C. hortatory F. assumptions

  正確答案

  B E

  題目解析

  首先,that后面的內容the author, having had his or her()pointed out, might secretly agree that the book could be improved. 這句話的意思是，在他的( )被指出來之后，作者才同意書能被修改。既然說書能被修改，說明存在不足之處處，故空格2應該填寫一個負評價的詞語，表示作者的(負評價詞語)被指出來。負評價的詞只有transgressions。其次，that前面說：盡其所能，基于維護書的價值以及基于心照不宣的希望，( )的書評被寫下來。在這里，書評被寫下來的目的有兩個：1.維護書的價值;2.有著心照不宣的希望。而that引導定語從句，先行詞是hope，that定語從句的主干是the author might secretly agree that the book could be improved，故這個hope指的是作者同意書可以被修改。而作者同意書被修改，是在他的 transgressions 被指出來之后。因此，寫書評的目的能夠達到，就要指出作者的transgressions，而什么樣書評才能指出作者的丌趍?當然只有負評價的書評才能指出不足。所以空格1要填寫一個負評價的詞匯，adverse。

  題目翻譯

  往好的方面考慮，負面的書本評價可以是用來維護書的價值的，幵且對于作者來說，他們也暗自(secretly)同意，當他們的transgression被指出的時候，他們的書可以獲得進一步的提升。

  3. In the nineteenth century the (i)_____advanced mechanical printing techniques made it possible for newspaper owners to print newspapers cheaply and in mass quantities,but unlike many other mechanized industries,where machines (ii)_____ workers,the new printing machines required trained compositors to run them,thereby (iii) _____ the demand for skilled printing labor.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. wide application of D. marginalized G. ignoring

  B. extensive resistance to E. intrigued H. anticipating

  C. great expense of F. isolated I. increasing

  正確答案

  A D I

  題目解析

  第一空由題意易知選 A，表示19 世紀機器打印技術的廣泛應用使報紙打印更便宜和更大數量。第三空，新機器需要訓練新人去操作機器，因此打印技工的需求會怎樣，需要新人，那需求就是增加。第三空為increasing。第二空unlike和but都體現反義重復，新機器需要工人，舊機器工人，應該是體現工人的不重要性。排除 E. intrigued 吸引人的，剩下兩個的意思分別是：isolate：set apart from others; select from among others;insulate 隔離;區別;孤立marginalized：to relegate to unimportant or powerless position within a society or group降到不重要的位置。故第二空為 D

  4. A particular bacterium that has never encountered a particular virus will usually succumb to it,a_____that may,surprisingly,be beneficial to the colony in which the bacterium lives.

  A. susceptibility

  B. theory

  C. characteristic

  D. juxtaposition

  E. collision

  F. hypothesis

  正確答案

  A C

  題目解析

  第一句：從未遭遇過特定病毒的紳菌往往會屈服于它，令人驚奇的是，它的這一特性有益于紳菌的繁殖生長。surprising 表前后矛盾/反義。前面說紳菌容易屈服，為負評價，后面說這一特性也帶來了好處，描述的是紳菌的特性 所以選 AC 表示特征 特性補充： 前面說會前面說會抑制，后面說會有益于，然后中間要填的是一個過程 colony in，這個過程必須包涵有病毒的特性，所以選 A，關于 C 是因為 susceptibility 的上意詞是characteristic。

  5. Family photos of the author suggest that she was _____ child: she seemed to wear a permanent frown.

  A. a sullen

  B. an amiable

  C. a surly

  D. a beautiful

  E. a prudent

  F. a stunning

  正確答案

  A C

  題目解析

  這位作家的家庭合照表明了她從小就是個___的孩子：她看起來像是永進在皺眉。

  frown提示選不開心，陰郁;sullen 不高興的;amiable 令人愉悅的;surly 壞脾氣;prudent 謹慎;stunning causing astonishment or disbelief

  6. Biologists agree that snakes descended from lizards,but exactly where this first happened has been a matter of debate since the 1800s,when two _____ theories emerged.

  A. complex

  B. competing

  C. dubious

  D. conclusive

  E. contending

  F. irrefutable

  正確答案

  B E

  題目解析

  第一句話指出生物學家的共識，就是蛇的祖先來自蜥蜴。第二句話but轉折，強調過去的爭議。所以theories前面的形容詞應填debate的同義字.

  competing=contending 都有提出相互競逐的主張之義;irrefutable=conclusive 則為debate的反義字;dubious 是懷疑的意思，和complex不構成任何一組同義字。

  數學機經

  1. According to surveys at a company,20 percent of the employees owned cell phones in 1994,and 60 percent of the employees owned cell phones in 1998.

  From 1994 to 1998,what was the percent increase in the fraction of employees who owned cell phones?

  A. 3%

  B. 20%

  C. 30%

  D. 200%

  E. 300%

  正確答案

  D

  題目解析

  1994年20%的人有手機，1998年60%的人有手機，手機人數從20%增長到60%，其中增長的百分比為(60%-20%)/20%，也就是200%，所以選 D。

  2. The relationship between temperature C,in degrees Celsius,and temperature F,in degrees Fahrenheit,is given by the formula F=9/5 *c + 32.If a recipe calls for an oven temperature of 210 degrees Celsius,what is the oven temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?

  A. 320

  B. 350

  C. 410

  D. 420

  E. 500

  正確答案

  C

  題目解析

  給出了華氏和攝氏溫度的轉換公式，將210代入公式的C，得出 F=410，選 C。

  3. In right triangle ABC, the ratio of the lengths of the two legs is 2 to 5. If the area of triangle ABC is 20, what is the length of the hypotenuse?

  A. 7

  B. 10

  C. 4√5

  D. √29

  E. 2√29

  正確答案

  E

  題目解析

  直角三角形已知兩直接邊比例，根據面積為 20，反推出兩邊分別是 4 和 10，因此斜邊長度等于√(16+100)=2√29，選 E。

  4. If an investment of P dollars is made today and the value of the investment doubles every 7 years,what will be the value of the investment,in dollars,28 years from today?

  A. 8*(P^4)

  B. P^4

  C. 16*p

  D. 8*p

  E. 4*p

  正確答案

  C

  題目解析

  假設每年利息x，7年后本金翻倍：P*x^7=2P，x=2^(1/7)，28 年后就是 P*x^28=P*2^4，也就是 16*P，所以選 C。

  5. R is a list of 15 consecutive integers, and T is a list of 21 consecutive integers.The median of the integers in list R is equal to the least integer in list T.If the two lists are combined into one list of 36 integers,how many different integers are on the combined list?

  A. 25

  B. 27

  C. 28

  D. 32

  E. 36

  正確答案

  C

  題目解析

  兩個連續的整數數列R和T，其中R的中位數等于T的最小數，求兩個數列合并后會有多少個不重復的整數。因為R的中衛數等于T的最小數，且R一共有15個數字，因此從R的第八個整數開始往后的一共8個整數將和T中的前8個整數重復，所以兩者合并后不重復整數數量應該是15+21-8=28個，所以選 C。

  閱讀邏輯機經

  短篇閱讀

  What makes a worker ant perform one particular task rather than another?From the 1970s to the mid-1980s,researchers emphasized internal factors within individual ants,such as polymorphism,the presence in the nest of workers of different shapes and sizes,each suited to a particular task.Other elements then considered to have primary influence upon an ant's career were its age—it might change tasks as it got older—and its genetics.However,subsequent ant researchers have focused on external prompts for behavior.In advocating this approach,Deborah Gordon cites experiments in which intervention in a colony's makeup perturbed worker activity.By removing workers or otherwise altering the nest conditions,researchers were able to change the tasks performed by individual workers.

  It can be inferred from the passage that Gordon and earlier researchers would agree with which of the following statements about worker ants?

  A. Disruption of the nest can affect workers’roles.

  B. Genetics predominates over other factors in determining a worker ant's role.

  C. An individual worker's tasks can change during its lifetime.

  正確答案

  C

  題目解析

  disruption of the nest是在文章的后一部分在討論DG的實驗的時候提出來的新的結論，顯然這個是不能被earlier researchers認可的。researchers emphasized internal factors within individual ants, such as polymorphism,the presence in the nest of workers of different shapes and sizes,each suited to a particular task.Other elements then considered to have primary influence upon an ant's career were its age—it might change tasks as it got older—and its genetics這里面出現的才是二者所共同認可的。所以 A 選項錯誤。B 選項，文章顯然是沒有說過genetics是predominate的，所有的因素沒有出現一個排序，B選項錯誤。既然年齡可以是一個影響因子，那么年齡變化，task也該變化，即在lifetime中task是改變的。C選項正確。

  長篇閱讀

  What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral(right-handed,or clockwise)twist or a sinistral(left-handed,or counterclockwise)twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form.Most spiral-shaped snail species are predominantly dextral.But at one time,handedness (twist direction of the shell)was equally distributed within some snail species that have become predominantly dextral or,in a few species,predominantly sinistral.What mechanisms control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images,for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable.But left and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another.Their shapes are noticeably different.Sinistral rarity might,then,be a consequence of possible disadvantages conferred by these other concomitant structural features.In addition,perhaps left-and right-handed snails cannot mate with each other,having incompatible twist directions.Presumably an individual of the rarer form would have relative difficulty in finding a mate of the same hand, thus keeping the rare form rare or creating geographically separated right-and left-handed populations.

  But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry, anatomy, and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant.It does not explain,for example,why the infrequent unions between snails of opposing hands produce fewer offspring of the rarer than the commoner form in species where each parent contributes equally to handedness.Nor does it explain why,in a species where one parent determines handedness,a brood is not exclusively right-or left-handed when the offspring would have the same genetic predisposition.In the European pond snail Lymnaea peregra,a predominantly dextral species whose handedness is maternally determined,a brood might be expected to be exclusively right- or left-handed—and this often occurs.However,some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand,and in predominantly sinistral broods,the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.

  Here,the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right-or left-handedness.In the case of Lymnaea peregra,studies indicate that a dextral gene is expressed during egg formation;i.e.,before egg fertilization,the gene produces a protein,found in the cytoplasm of the egg,that controls the pattern of cell division and thus handedness.In experiments,an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.One explanation for the differing effects is that all Lymnaea peregra eggs begin left-handed but most switch to being right-handed.Thus the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself.

  1. The second paragraph of the passage is primarily concerned with offering possible reasons why

  A. it is unlikely that evolutionary mechanisms could discriminate against sinistral snails

  B. sinistrality is relatively uncommon among snail species

  C. dextral and sinistral populations of a snail species tend to intermingle

  D. a theory based on a developmental mechanism inadequately accounts for the predominance of dextrality across snail species

  E. dextral snails breed more readily than sinistral snails,even within predominantly sinistral populations

  正確答案

  B

  題目解析

  線索很明顯在第二段. A選項為誤導選項,與第二段的第一句很像,如果只看這句就做題可能會被誤導.但題目問的是"offering possible reasons"why,這是第二段中間的Sinistral rarity might....才明說.此句說造成的sinistral rarity這樣的結果可能是也由下面concomitant structural features造成,所以此句當然也就是那些possible reasons要解釋的.

  2. Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the evolutionary and developmental theories discussed in the passage?

  A. Although the two theories reach the same conclusion, each is based on different assumptions.

  B. They present contradictory explanations of the same phenomenon.

  C. The second theory accounts for certain phenomena that the first cannot explain.

  D. The second theory demonstrates why the first is valid only for very unusual,special cases.

  E. They are identical and interchangeable in that the second theory merely restates the first in less technical terms.

  正確答案

  C

  題目解析

  A direct contradiction,定位第四段第一句the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental(defer to=服從)表示 evolutionary=developmental，所以assumptions應當相同，因此不選。

  B one word wrong,“contradictory”,它們兩者都表示對旋的無法理解，而不是對立矛盾，因此不選。

  C 正確，定位第四段的 cytoplasm，從 evolutionary 來看，是無法解釋的，所以選 C。

  D 出現了 only 這種極端用詞，所以錯誤。

  E "identical and interchangeable"和文中 developmental 和 evolutionary 迚行的研究直接相悖，所以錯誤。

  3. It can be inferred from the passage that a predominantly sinistral snail species might stay predominantly sinistral for each of the following reasons

  EXCEPT for

  A. a developmental mechanism that affects the cell-division pattern of snails

  B. structural features that advantage dextral snails of the species

  C. a relatively small number of snails of the same hand for dextral snails of the species to mate with

  D. anatomical incompatibility that prevents mating between snails of opposing hands within the species

  E. geographic separation of sinistral and dextral populations

  正確答案

  B

  題目解析

  A 選項的理由可在最后一段找到; B,C,D,E選項的線索都在第二段,但B選項是advantage‘dextral'snails而不是sinistral snails.

  B 中的 structure feature 在文中是用來解釋右旋比左旋更有優勢.而題目問的是,左旋物種一直保持左旋的塬因.即,structure feature 可以解釋左旋比右旋少,但是不能解釋為何左旋物種一直保持左旋。

  邏輯閱讀

  X-ray examination of a recently discovered painting—judged by some authorities to be a self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh—revealed an under image of a woman's face.Either van Gogh or another painter covered the first painting with the portrait now seen on the surface of the canvas.Because the face of the woman in the under image also appears on canvases van Gogh is known to have painted,the surface painting must be an authentic self-portrait by van Gogh.

  The conclusion is properly drawn if which of the following is assumed?

  A. If a canvas already bears a painted image produced by an artist,a second artist who uses the canvas to produce a new painting tends to be influenced by the style of the first artist.

  B. Many painted canvases that can be reliably attributed to van Gogh contain under images of subjects that appear on at least one other canvas that van Gogh is known to have painted.

  C. Any painted canvas incorrectly attributed to van Gogh would not contain an under image of a subject that appears in authentic paintings by that artist.

  D. A painted canvas cannot be reliably attributed to an artist unless the authenticity of any under image that painting might contain can be reliably attributed to the artist.

  E. A painted canvas cannot be reliably attributed to a particular artist unless a reliable x-ray examination of the painting is performed.

  正確答案

  C

  題目解析

  文章的邏輯鏈是新發現了一幅梵高的畫里的底畫中有一個女人的臉，而這張臉出現在別的梵高畫中，因此新發現的這張梵高畫必定是真品。選項C 則是把這句話做了個雙重否定，也就是任何不是梵高的畫，一定不會包含曾在梵高的真畫里出現過的底畫的主題。意思是一樣的，所以C正確。選項A和B里提到的作畫風格和相似之處不本文邏輯推論鏈無關，因此錯誤。選項D和E則是推出了一個廣義上的判斷標準，也不適用于具體情況，因此也是錯誤的。

請加sunny老師（微信號：shnc_2018）

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